{"id":350,"date":"2021-04-04T00:05:34","date_gmt":"2021-04-04T00:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/?p=350"},"modified":"2022-04-11T20:22:59","modified_gmt":"2022-04-11T20:22:59","slug":"setting-up-a-headless-raspberry-pi-zero-w-with-raspberry-pi-os-lite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/100-days-challenge\/setting-up-a-headless-raspberry-pi-zero-w-with-raspberry-pi-os-lite\/","title":{"rendered":"Setting up a Headless Raspberry Pi Zero W with Raspberry Pi OS Lite"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Photo by Pimoroni<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Headless zombies?<\/h2>\n

Not quite what you think. Running a Raspberry Pi in headless mode means you set it up so that it can boot and run without needing a display, keyboard and mouse.<\/p>\n

This guide should work with most Raspberry Pis.<\/p>\n

Deja vu<\/h2>\n

No glitches in the matrix here.<\/p>\n

I originally wrote a guide on how I setup a Pi Zero W to run headless back in July 2019 but never got round to polishing and publishing it. This was part of a timelapse project I did while we lived in a rental place (because we were put out of our home due to a fire caused by my neighbour) that had a stunning view.<\/p>\n

Alex Ellis wrote this amazing article<\/a> about how he did timelapse photography using a Pi Zero and also wrote the phototimer software<\/a>.<\/p>\n

My "server" is in storage at the moment but I will share some of the timelapsing I did back in 2019 as soon as I can.<\/p>\n

Hardware<\/h2>\n

Pimoroni<\/a> is currently (April 2021) running an easter special and I ordered the Grow Kit<\/a> along with a Raspberri Pi Zero WH<\/a>. I opted for the pre-soldered header one, mainly just because all my electronics and tools are in storage.<\/p>\n

So now is an excellent time to revisit setting up a Raspberry Pi Zero (W) to run headless.<\/p>\n

Originally back in 2019 I had issues getting the Raspberry Pi Zero W with Raspbian Buster to allow SSH to work on boot. However I came across this tutorial<\/a> that allows you to SSH over USB. While writing this guide I will see if now in 2021 we still face the same issues or not. UPDATE: Didn’t have any of these issues. 🙂<\/p>\n

Software<\/h2>\n

Note:<\/strong> Raspbian has been renamed to Raspberry Pi OS.<\/p>\n

Download the latest Raspberry Pi OS Lite image from here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ensure the SHA256 checksum matches.<\/p>\n

$ shasum -a 256 2021-03-04-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.zip\nea92412af99ec145438ddec3c955aa65e72ef88d84f3307cea474da005669d39  2021-03-04-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.zip\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Flash the image to a microSD card. I prefer to use balenaEtcher<\/a> (aka Etcher).<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Note:<\/strong> balenaEtcher will unmount the SD card and you have to re-insert it to add the required config files.<\/p>\n
Configure the Pi to use your WiFi network<\/h3>\n
You do not need to do this if you are setting up a full blown Raspberry Pi (e.g. 3, 4 etc.) and you are only planning on using the ethernet network connection.<\/p>\n
Create a file named wpa_supplicant.conf<\/code> in the root directory of the SD card volume named boot<\/code>. On macOS the location would be \/Volumes\/boot.<\/p>\n
ctrl_interface=DIR=\/var\/run\/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev\nupdate_config=1\ncountry=GB\n\t\t\nnetwork={\n    ssid="NAME OF YOUR WIFI"\n    psk="WIFI PASSWORD"\n    scan_ssid=1\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Enable SSH<\/h3>\n
SSH is disabled by default on the Raspberry Pi OS for good reason of course.<\/p>\n
Create a file named ssh<\/code> (no extension) in the root directory of the SD card volume named boot<\/code>. This file can be empty.<\/p>\n
$ touch \/Volumes\/boot\/ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Booting time<\/h2>\n
Note:<\/strong> The files wpa_supplicant.conf<\/code> and ssh<\/code> will be deleted after the Pi has booted.<\/p>\n
Safely remove the SD card and insert it into the Rasperry Pi.<\/p>\n
Connect the Raspberry Pi to a power supply and notice that the green LED should be blinking and eventually be completely ON.<\/p>\n
Wait for about 2 minutes. The Pi Zero takes a while to boot (especially the first time after a new image is flashed onto the SD card).<\/p>\n
Identify the IP address of the Raspberry Pi.<\/p>\n
You should be able to ping the Pi using the hostname raspberrypi.local<\/code> if mDNS is working on your network.<\/p>\n
$ ping -c 3 raspberrypi.local\nPING raspberrypi.local (192.168.4.25): 56 data bytes\n64 bytes from 192.168.4.25: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=16.157 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.4.25: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.543 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.4.25: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=10.337 ms\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
If you can’t find the Pi on your network then it is worth trying nmap.<\/p>\n
$ nmap -sP 192.168.1.0\/24 | grep raspberrypi\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Configuring the Raspberry Pi<\/h2>\n
SSH into the Pi.<\/p>\n
$ ssh pi@raspberrypi.local\n\nThe authenticity of host 'raspberrypi.local (192.168.4.25)' can't be established.\nECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:R0QP0uLq1ed+TYRi7CkTmrk36DZRcoXjEfesF5aUjWc.\n+---[ECDSA 256]---+\n|        .o=o. .+ |\n|        .o=+.+o.E|\n|       . o.=. *+ |\n|        o.= +o...|\n|       .SO.+.o.. |\n|      . *.+ +.  .|\n|     . . + =   o |\n|      . = o . . .|\n|       o.o o..   |\n+----[SHA256]-----+\nAre you sure you want to continue connecting (yes\/no\/[fingerprint])?\n\n# Type yes\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Message of Doom! I got this big warning, but in my case it is just because I already had another raspberrypi.local’s SSH fingerprint in my .ssh\/known_hosts file. To fix this I just removed the raspberrypi.local entry from ~\/.ssh\/known_hosts.<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Enter the password: raspberry<\/code><\/p>\n
\"\"<\/p>\n
Change the password and hostname<\/h3>\n
Run raspi-config<\/code><\/p>\n
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo raspi-config\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Change the default password for the user pi<\/code>. Select option 1 (System Options) \u2192 S3 Password. I highly recommend you use a password manager like 1Password to generate the password.<\/p>\n
Change the hostname. Select option 1 (System Options) \u2192 S4 Hostname. I will be using the name "growpi" since this one will be used with the Pimoroni Grow HAT mini<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Expand the file system to utilise all of the SD card. Select option 6 (Advanced Options) \u2192 A1 Expand Filesystem.<\/p>\n
Save and exit by choosing Finish. Also say yes for rebooting the Pi.<\/p>\n
Verify the changes<\/h3>\n
# SSH using the new hostname and password\n$ ssh pi@growpi.local\npi@growpi:~ $\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Update and Upgrade the OS<\/h3>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo apt update & sudo apt upgrade\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Harden the Raspberry Pi<\/h2>\n
Change the SSH port and disable root login.<\/p>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo cp \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config.bak\npi@growpi:~ $\tsudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config\n\t\t\n# Add or modify the following values\nPort 8204\nPermitRootLogin no\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Restart SSH and verify.<\/p>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo systemctl restart ssh\npi@growpi:~ $ sudo systemctl status ssh\n\n\u25cf ssh.service - OpenBSD Secure Shell server\n   Loaded: loaded (\/lib\/systemd\/system\/ssh.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)\n   Active: active (running) since Sun 2021-04-04 00:13:01 BST; 9s ago\n     Docs: man:sshd(8)\n           man:sshd_config(5)\n  Process: 2833 ExecStartPre=\/usr\/sbin\/sshd -t (code=exited, status=0\/SUCCESS)\n Main PID: 2834 (sshd)\n    Tasks: 1 (limit: 877)\n   CGroup: \/system.slice\/ssh.service\n           \u2514\u25002834 \/usr\/sbin\/sshd -D\n\nApr 04 00:13:01 growpi systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server...\nApr 04 00:13:01 growpi sshd[2834]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 8204.\nApr 04 00:13:01 growpi sshd[2834]: Server listening on :: port 8204.\nApr 04 00:13:01 growpi systemd[1]: Started OpenBSD Secure Shell server.\n\npi@growpi:~ $ netstat -t -l -n | grep 8204\ntcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8204            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN\ntcp6       0      0 :::8204                 :::*                    LISTEN\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Use a public\/private RSA key pair instead for logging into SSH<\/h3>\n
Create a new key pair on your local machine. Again I highly recommend you use a password manager to generate the passphrase.<\/p>\n
# On your local machine\n$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -f ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi -C "Raspberry Pi Grow"\n\nGenerating public\/private rsa key pair.\nEnter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):\nEnter same passphrase again:\nYour identification has been saved in \/Users\/andre\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi.\nYour public key has been saved in \/Users\/andre\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi.pub.\nThe key fingerprint is:\nSHA256:FR7znJ6JuOPDPl0gasm12EQLsBFxHPheCtsOvb725kY Raspberry Pi Grow\nThe key's randomart image is:\n+---[RSA 4096]----+\n|    =*o.  +      |\n|    .+o .. * .   |\n|    .. o .o +    |\n|    . . *o.o o   |\n|     B XSo..+    |\n|    o @ E.  .    |\n|     + +o. .     |\n|      +.*..      |\n|     ooB=o       |\n+----[SHA256]-----+\n\n# On macOS add to the key chain to save you from having to enter the passphrase\n$ ssh-add -K ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi\n\nEnter passphrase for \/Users\/andre\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi:\nIdentity added: \/Users\/andre\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi (Raspberry Pi Grow)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Store the private and public key files in your password manager.<\/p>\n
Copy the public key (.pub)<\/strong> over to the Raspberry Pi.<\/p>\n
# Still on your local machine\n$ scp -P 8204 ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi.pub pi@growpi.local:\/home\/pi\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Create the file authorized_keys<\/code> on the Pi.<\/p>\n
# On the Raspberry Pi\npi@growpi:~ $ cd ~\npi@growpi:~ $ ls -la\n...\n-rw-r--r-- 1 pi   pi    743 Apr  4 00:24 id_rsa_growpi.pub\n\n# Create the .ssh directory and set permissions\npi@growpi:~ $ mkdir ~\/.ssh\npi@growpi:~ $ chmod 700 ~\/.ssh\n# Copy the public key to authorized_keys\npi@growpi:~ $ cat ~\/id_rsa_growpi.pub >> ~\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\npi@growpi:~ $ cat ~\/.ssh\/authorized_keys\n\n# Check that the public key matches\n\n# Delete the public key that was copied over\npi@growpi:~ $ rm ~\/id_rsa_growpi.pub\npi@growpi:~ $ ls -la\n...\ndrwx------ 2 pi   pi   4096 Apr  4 00:29 .ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Allow only key pairs to be used by SSH<\/h2>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config\n\n# Add or modify the following value\nPasswordAuthentication no\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Restart SSH and verify.<\/p>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo systemctl restart ssh\npi@growpi:~ $ sudo systemctl status ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Try to login from you local machine (without using the key pair)<\/p>\n
$ ssh -p 8204 pi@growpi.local\n\t\t\npi@growpi.local: Permission denied (publickey).\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
That is great because now only the key pair will be allowed and no brute forcing of the user’s password.<\/p>\n
Login with the key pair.<\/p>\n
$ ssh -p 8204 -i ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi -o PreferredAuthentications=publickey pi@growpi.local\n...\npi@growpi:~ $\n# Voila!\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
If you don’t want to specify all those options every time on the CLI then you can edit your ~\/.ssh\/config file.<\/p>\n
# ~\/.ssh\/config\n...\n# Rasperry Pi used for Growing plants\nHost growpi.local\n\tHostName growpi.local\n\tPreferredAuthentications publickey\n\tIdentityFile ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_growpi\n\tIdentitiesOnly yes\n\tVisualHostKey=yes\n\tPort 8204\n\n...\n# All Others\nHost *\n\tPreferredAuthentications password\n\tUseKeychain yes\n  VisualHostKey=yes\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
# After editing ~\/.ssh\/config, it is now just a matter of running SSH like this:\n$ ssh -p 8204 pi@growpi.local\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Wrapping up<\/h2>\n
Tomorrow I will start exploring the Grow HAT mini from Pimoroni. But for now it is:<\/p>\n
pi@growpi:~ $ sudo shutdown -h now\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Photo by Pimoroni […]<\/p>\n
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