{"id":502,"date":"2021-11-01T16:20:44","date_gmt":"2021-11-01T16:20:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/?p=502"},"modified":"2022-04-11T20:22:59","modified_gmt":"2022-04-11T20:22:59","slug":"installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Installing Ubuntu Server 20.04 &#8211; part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-markdown\"><h2>Overview<\/h2>\n<p>The plan for today:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Install the latest Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS (the one without a GUI) on my server.<\/li>\n<li>Use full disk encryption on the 240GB SSD that I use as the OS disk.<\/li>\n<li>Setup and harden SSH so I can manage the server remotely.<\/li>\n<li>Use a static IP address.<\/li>\n<li>Manage all changes to config files in \/etc using etckeeper, git and GitHub.<\/li>\n<li>Setup a firewall using ufw.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>NOTE:<\/strong> I prefix commands to be run on the server with a <code>$<\/code> to indicate the prompt. Commands to be run from your other computer (like a laptop) will be indicated using <code>local$<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>I also prefer to use a public-private encryption key pair for each machine I connect to. In other words one key pair = one machine only.<\/p>\n<h2>Prerequisites<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Create a USB bootable disk of the Ubuntu server installation.<\/li>\n<li>Backup the existing OS disk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Here is an example of doing a full disk copy to a file\n$ dd if=\/dev\/sda of=\/media\/some-other-disk\/sda_backups\/sda_20211001.img\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Shutdown the machine and disconnect all drives except for the SDD that will be formatted and Ubuntu installed on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Creating a bootable USB drive with the Ubuntu installer on<\/h2>\n<p>Download the latest Ubuntu live server image from here: <a href=\"https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/download\/server\">https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/download\/server<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Choose &quot;Option 2: Manual server installation&quot; to get the live server image.<\/p>\n<p>I will be installing the <code>ubuntu-20.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NOTE:<\/strong> Ubuntu has phased out the previous generations of installers and you can&#8217;t find it on the alternative images anymore. At first I was a bit worried because in the past I had issues with the live server image. However this time round I loved it!<\/p>\n<p>Since I am on a Mac most of the time, I will be using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.balena.io\/etcher\/\">balena Etcher<\/a> to write the image to a USB disk.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/etcher.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<h2>Installing Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Plug in the USB disk, power on the machine and ensure you are booting from the USB disk.<\/li>\n<li>Select your language. English (UK)<\/li>\n<li>Select your keyboard layout. I prefer English (US)<\/li>\n<li>Configure the network connection. I have two NICs in this machine but for time being only the onboard motherboard one is connected. Take note of the IP address assigned by the DHCP server.<\/li>\n<li>Proxy address was left blank.<\/li>\n<li>Mirror address was left as default.<\/li>\n<li>Configuring the SSD partitions. I chose to use the guided storage layout with the encryption option.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use an entire disk: &#x2705; (Make sure it is the correct disk!)\nSet up this disk as an LVM group:  &#x2705;\nEncrypt the LVM group with LUKS:  &#x2705; (Specify the Passphrase you already generated and stored in your password manager)<\/p>\n<p>On the Storage configuration screen the installer chose to only use 111GB out of 222GB to be mounted as \/ and thus leaving 50% free. To enlarge this partition select the ubuntu-lv item under Used Devices and select Edit. I chose to use the max size.<\/p>\n<p>This will create the following layout (as seen by using <code>lsblk<\/code> after the installation):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sdb                           8:16   0 223.6G  0 disk\n\u251c\u2500sdb1                        8:17   0     1M  0 part\n\u251c\u2500sdb2                        8:18   0     1G  0 part  \/boot\n\u2514\u2500sdb3                        8:19   0 222.6G  0 part\n  \u2514\u2500dm_crypt-0              253:0    0 222.6G  0 crypt\n    \u2514\u2500ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 253:1    0 222.6G  0 lvm   \/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Confirm destructive action.<\/li>\n<li>Setup Profile by specifying server&#8217;s name and your name, username and password.<\/li>\n<li>Install OpenSSH server &#x2705;<\/li>\n<li>Select extra software. I chose none of them.<\/li>\n<li>Sit back and enjoy a coffee.<\/li>\n<li>Once the install is done, select Reboot Now. Remove the USB disk and press enter.<\/li>\n<li>At boot you will be asked to enter the passphrase that used to encrypt the disk with.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Initial hardening<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The first priority is to configure the network and secure the remote logging that was enabled by SSH.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Login with the user created during installation.<\/p>\n<p>Check the network is working:<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ ping google.com\n\n# Get the IP that was assigned by the DHCP server\n$ ip address show\nor\n$ ip a\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Test that SSH is working from another computer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">local$ ssh user@192.168.x.x\n# Ok boet now you can do the rest all from the sofa instead of hunched over in the &quot;server room&quot;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Update software.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo apt -y update &amp;&amp; sudo apt -y upgrade\n$ sudo apt autoremove\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Change the IP address to be static (since this is a server and will eventually become the DHCP server and firewall for the local network). <strong>NOTE:<\/strong> Ubuntu has been using <code>netplan<\/code> for sometime now and you configure via a yaml file.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ ls \/etc\/netplan\n00-installer-config.yaml\n\n$ sudo cp \/etc\/netplan\/00-installer-config.yaml \/etc\/netplan\/00-installer-config.bak\n$ sudo vi \/etc\/netplan\/00-installer-config.yaml\n# Here is what my config looks like. The internet router is .y.y\n\n# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'\nnetwork:\n  ethernets:\n    enp2s0:\n      dhcp4: false\n      addresses: [192.168.x.x\/24]\n      gateway4: 192.168.y.y\n      nameservers:\n        addresses: [192.168.y.y,8.8.8.8]\n    enp5s0:\n      dhcp4: true\n  version: 2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Reboot to verify the change does work as expected. <code>sudo reboot now<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Configure SSH to be on a different port and don&#8217;t allow root to login.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo cp \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config.bak\n$ sudo vi \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config\n\nPort 8204\nPermitRootLogin no\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Create a new public-private key pair on your laptop. <strong>UPDATE:<\/strong> There is a newer ed25519 standard that is recommended instead of RSA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">local$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -f ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_descriptive_name -C &quot;Server name - user etc.&quot;\n\n# Add to macOS keychain\nlocal$ ssh-add -K ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_descriptive_name\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Copy the <strong>public<\/strong> key to be used over to the server. This is important, make sure you are copying the file with the <code>.pub<\/code> extension over!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">local$ scp -P 8204 ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_descriptive_name.pub user@192.168.x.x:\/home\/user\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Verify that this key pair can be used to SSH into the server.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">local$ ssh -p 8204 -o PreferredAuthentications=publickey -i ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_descriptive_name user@192.168.x.x\n$ # In like flynn\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Configure SSH to only use key pair authentication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo vi \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config\n\nPasswordAuthentication no\n\n$ sudo systemctl restart ssh\n$ sudo systemctl status ssh\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Bind the server&#8217;s name to it&#8217;s IP address on your laptop (so you can stop having to remember the IP address). Later I will be installing mDNS so that Bonjour! can work on the Mac to see the Ubuntu server.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Edit your laptop's \/etc\/hosts file\n# Add an entry like this\n192.168.x.x servername\n\n# Verify this works\nlocal$ ping servername\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Configure the local SSH client to always use the correct SSH key pair.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">local$ vi ~\/.ssh\/config\n\n# Servername\nHost servername\n\tHostName servername\n\tPreferredAuthentications publickey\n\tIdentityFile ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa_descriptive_name\n\tIdentitiesOnly yes\n\tPort 8204\n\n# Now you should be able to connect using only this\nlocal$ ssh -p 8204 user@servername\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Track all changes made using etckeeper &amp; git<\/h2>\n<p>It goes without saying that is it super important to keep a log of all changes made to a server. I have learned the hard way on Linux why this is important. Therefore I want to track all changes made to config files either by myself or by installing programs. This can be done using <code>etckeeper<\/code>. I will also be using <code>git<\/code> as the version control software and configure a remote private git repo to be used as origin.<\/p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/server\/docs\/tools-etckeeper\">official Ubuntu server documentation<\/a> for more information about <code>etckeeper<\/code>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Install etckeeper.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo apt install etckeeper\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>To check the git \/ etckeeper log of commits being made.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo etckeeper vcs log\n\ncommit 686b2f2a3297f9279952a741fe5ea5cfb96c636a\nAuthor: user &lt;user@servername&gt;\nDate:   Sun Oct 31 14:00:24 2021 +0000\n\n    Initial commit\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Setting up a private GitHub repo<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>For this example I will be using GitHub as a remote git hosting service. I assume you have already signed up etc.<\/li>\n<li>Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/new\">https:\/\/github.com\/new<\/a> to create a new repo. Specify the repository name, description and ensure you select <strong>Private<\/strong>. Skip all the &quot;Initialize this repository&quot; checkboxes since you will be pushing the etckeeper git repo to this repo.<\/li>\n<li>Create the repository. On the next screen take notice of the section &quot;\u2026or push an existing repository from the command line&quot; and copy the command that looks like this:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">git remote add origin git@github.com:username\/name-of-repo.git\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Next we need to setup Deployment keys so that we can automate the process of pushing the git repo from the server to the GitHub repo without requiring a password to be entered every time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>See <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.github.com\/en\/developers\/overview\/managing-deploy-keys#deploy-keys\">GitHub&#8217;s documentation<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Generate a new SSH public-private key pair.\nNote GitHub recommends to use the newer ed25519 standard (up to now I always used <code>-t rsa -b 4096<\/code> for a 4K RSA key).\nI have setup email privacy on GitHub and thus I will use the &quot;@users.noreply.github.com&quot; one as the comment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># The key will be owned by root\n$ sudo su\nroot$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C &quot;your_github_email@example.com&quot;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Add the public key to the GitHub repo. Go to the repository&#8217;s Settings and select the &quot;Deploy keys&quot; section.\nClick on Add deploy key.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Paste in the <strong>Public<\/strong> key (the filename with .pub as extension). On Mac you can use <code>cat id_ed25519_github.pub | pbcopy<\/code> to copy the file to the clipboard.<\/p>\n<p>Allow write access &#x2705;<\/p>\n<p>Add the key.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verify the server can use SSH to connect to GitHub. You can find more <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.github.com\/en\/authentication\/connecting-to-github-with-ssh\/testing-your-ssh-connection\">info here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root$ ssh -i \/root\/.ssh\/id_ed25519_github -T git@github.com\n\n# You should see this message\nHi ____! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.\n\n# If not, use ssh -vT to get more information\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Create a SSH config file that will be used to map the host <code>github-etckeeper<\/code> to specify the key and other SSH settings to be used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root$ vi \/root\/.ssh\/config\n\n# GitHub etckeeper\nHost github-etckeeper\n\tHostName github.com\n\tPreferredAuthentications publickey\n\tIdentityFile \/root\/.ssh\/id_ed25519_github\n\tIdentitiesOnly yes\n\tVisualHostKey=yes\n\tPort 22\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Save and verify.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root$ ssh -T git@github-etckeeper\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Add the GitHub repo as the remote destination known as origin for the etckeeper&#8217;s git repository<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root$ cd \/etc\n\n# Recall previously you saved a command given by GitHub that looked liked this:\n# git remote add origin git@github.com:username\/name-of-repo.git\n# This needs to be changed so that github.com becomes github-etckeeper (from the ssh config)\nroot$ git remote add origin git@github-etckeeper:username\/name-of-repo.git\n\n# Rename master to be main (so you are PC)\nroot$ git branch -M main\nroot$ git status\nOn branch main\nnothing to commit, working tree clean\n\n# Push all commits to the github repo\nroot$ git push -u origin main\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Refresh your GitHub repo in the browser and you should see the files have been pushed to the remote git repo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Configure etckeeper to push to the remote git repo<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Allow <code>etckeeper<\/code> to automatically push to origin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root$ vi \/etc\/etckeeper\/etckeeper.conf\n\nPUSH_REMOTE=&quot;origin&quot;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Let us test this works.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Create a test file\nroot$ echo &quot;testing 123&quot; &gt; \/etc\/test.txt\n\n# Commit all changes from \/etc\/ to the git repo\nroot$ etckeeper commit &quot;Test 1&quot;\n\n# Check that the commit was also pushed to GitHub\n# You should not have been asked for a passphrase to use the SSH key file\n\n# Make another change and check the cron job should work\nroot$ echo &quot;456&quot; &gt;&gt; \/etc\/test.txt\nroot$ \/etc\/etckeeper\/daily\n# This should have also pushed the change to GitHub\n\n# Finally\nroot$ rm \/etc\/test.txt\n# Now wait until the cron job runs the next day and verify.\n# I am also rebooting the server to verify everything works as I expect, and not find out 3 months from now when we had a power outage something doesn't work anymore\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>P.S. I came across keychain for Linux that will manage ssh-agent for key files with a passphrase. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/faq\/ubuntu-debian-linux-server-install-keychain-apt-get-command\/\">cyberciti<\/a> for more information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Setting up a firewall<\/h2>\n<p>I like to use <code>ufw<\/code> (Uncomplicated Firewall) on Linux to manage the iptables.<\/p>\n<p>It should be installed by default on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, if not install using <code>sudo apt install ufw<\/code>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Check current status.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo ufw status\nStatus: inactive\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Deny all incoming connections by default.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo ufw default deny incoming\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Allow SSH on the configured port and only from the specified NIC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Get the name of the NIC to use\n$ ip a\n...\n2: enp2s0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; ...\n\n# port 8204 here is what the SSH server has been configured to use\n$ sudo ufw allow in on enp2s0 proto tcp to 192.168.x.x port 8204\n\n# Here is an example if you wanted to allow Samba (file sharing)\n$ sudo ufw allow in on enp2s0 proto tcp to 192.168.x.x port 139,445\n$ sudo ufw allow in on enp2s0 proto udp to 192.168.x.x port 137,138\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Turn on logging. Log files will be written to <code>\/var\/log\/ufw.log<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo ufw logging on\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Activate the firewall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo ufw enable\n\nCommand may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y\nFirewall is active and enabled on system startup\n\n$ sudo ufw status\n\nStatus: active\n\nTo                         Action      From\n--                         ------      ----\n192.168.x.x 8204\/tcp on enp2s0 ALLOW       Anywhere\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Test you can still SSH into the server.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>In the next sessions<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>More hardening with tools like rkhunter, logwatch, tiger and zeek (Bro)<\/li>\n<li>Setup email delivery (so we can receive notifications when things go wrong)<\/li>\n<li>Monitor CPU temperature and tune power usage.<\/li>\n<li>Add existing RAID array and non raided disks back to the system.<\/li>\n<li>Setup Samba file sharing.<\/li>\n<li>Setup Time machine for Mac backups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/\">Read more &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":506,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[47],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.13 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Installing Ubuntu Server 20.04 - part 1 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Install the latest Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS using full disk encryption and harden SSH to allow for remote management.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Installing Ubuntu Server 20.04 - part 1 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Install the latest Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS using full disk encryption and harden SSH to allow for remote management.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-11-01T16:20:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-11T20:22:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/ubuntu_orange_hex.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"758\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"171\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/linux\/installing-ubuntu-server-20-04-part-1\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3d38360883015e883c80c2fb875c5a68\"},\"headline\":\"Installing Ubuntu Server 20.04 &#8211; 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