{"id":547,"date":"2022-04-16T09:15:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-16T09:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/?p=547"},"modified":"2022-04-22T10:21:00","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T10:21:00","slug":"learning-go-day-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Go &#8211; Day 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Featured image by <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/egonelbre\/gophers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Egon Elbre<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-markdown\"><p>I decided that it was finally time to sit down and learn me some <a href=\"https:\/\/go.dev\/\">Golang<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Please note that this post and the following posts in my \u201cseries\u201d of Learning Go is meant to be notes to my future self and not meant to be a tutorial series for anyone else reading this. Therefore there will be lots of prebaked-in-assumptions and context that any other reader might not have. Again these are notes to myself.<\/p>\n<h3>Before Day 1 there was Day 0<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>I spent an hour or two consuming various tutorials and material to get a feel for what Golang programming is like and whether or not I actually want to commit to learning and using it.<\/li>\n<li>Here are some of the material I explored.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learnxinyminutes.com\/docs\/go\/\">Learn X in Y minutes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/go.dev\/tour\/list\">A Tour of Go<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gobyexample.com\/\">Go by Example<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-WSyWh0QIj8\">Your first app in Golang &#8211; Alex Ellis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0Ov3JAYDyhQ\">Your first test in Go and taming test tables &#8211; Alex Ellis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Day 1<\/h3>\n<p>Ok so at this point I decided Go looks amazing and that it is worth my time learning it.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Working through <a href=\"https:\/\/golangbot.com\/learn-golang-series\/\">https:\/\/golangbot.com\/learn-golang-series\/<\/a> tutorials.\n<ul>\n<li>Tutorials 1 to 12.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Created a directory in which to learn and play in.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ mkdir -p ~\/Learn\/Go\/golangbot-series\n$ cd ~\/Learn\/Go\/golangbot-series\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Very basics<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Create a new module using <code>go mod init<\/code>. This will create a go.mod file in the current directory.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>go run .<\/code> to run the current module. It looks for a .go file that is part of the <code>main<\/code> package and runs the <code>main<\/code> function. NOTE: It does not leave build artifacts in the current directory.<\/li>\n<li>Can use <code>--work<\/code> with <code>go run<\/code> to see which temporary directory is used to build and run from.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ go run --work .\nWORK=\/var\/folders\/qv\/nt2bk76d50d2j53w12thd0200000gn\/T\/go-build2629236756\nHello world!\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <code>go build<\/code> to build an executable. By default it is placed in the current directory.<\/li>\n<li>Can cross compile by setting the GOOS environment variables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ GOOS=linux go build\n$ GOOS=windows go build\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Variable declaration<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">\/\/ var name type\nvar age int\nvar age int = 5\nvar age = 5\n\/\/ short hand declaration\nage := 5\n\n\/\/ declare one or more of same type\n\/\/ note: this will be initialized to 0\nvar x, y int\n\nx, y, name := -2, 42, &quot;Jannie&quot;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Can declare multiple variables in this manner<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">var (\n\t\tname = &quot;Andre&quot;\n\t\tage = 5\n\t)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Basic types<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">bool \/\/ true, false\nbyte \/\/ alias for uint8\nint, int8, int16, int32, int64\nuint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64\nfloat32, float64\ncomplex64, complex128\nrune \/\/ alias for int32 and is used as Unicode code point\nstring\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Can find out the type and size<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">import &quot;unsafe&quot;\nfmt.Printf(&quot;type of a is %T, size of a is %d\\n&quot;, a, unsafe.Sizeof(a))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>No implicit type casting, meaning you have to explicitly cast a type to be used with another type. int(floatVar), float64(intVar)<\/li>\n<li>Constants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">const a = 5\nconst (\n\tage = 5\n\tname = &quot;Jannie&quot;\n)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Constants can be \u201cuntyped\u201d. See this <a href=\"https:\/\/go.dev\/play\/p\/_zu0iK-Hyj\">playground<\/a> for \u201ca\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Functions<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func name(param1 type, param2 type) returnType {  \n...\n}\n\nfunc name(param1, param2 sameType) ...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Returning more than one type<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func something(timesTwo, timesThree int) (int, int) {\n\treturn timesTwo * 2, timesThree * 3\n}\n\nmultTwo, multThree := something(2, 2)\nfmt.Println(multTwo, multThree)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Named return types. The named types are treated like variables inside the body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func rectProps(length, width float64) (area, perimeter float64) {  \n    area = length * width\n    perimeter = (length + width) * 2\n    return \/\/no explicit return value\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Like Swift you can ignore results you are not interested in with <code>_<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">_, mult3 := somefunction()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Packages<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Packages are a collection of Go sources files that reside in the same directory.<\/li>\n<li>Go Module is a collection of Packages.<\/li>\n<li>Every Go executable must have a <code>main<\/code> package and main function.<\/li>\n<li>Create a new module<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ go mod init nameOfModule\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Why use PascalCasing?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Any variable or function which starts with a capital letter are exported names in go. Only exported functions and variables can be accessed from other packages.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Packages can have initializer functions. For more details on how packages are initialized, see this <a href=\"https:\/\/golangbot.com\/go-packages\/\">link<\/a>.\n<ul>\n<li>Package level variables are initialised first.<\/li>\n<li>Imported packages are initialized.<\/li>\n<li>Package\u2019s init functions are called in the order they are presented to the compiler.<\/li>\n<li>Package is only initialized once.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Compiler will complain if you import a package and not use it.<\/li>\n<li>To ensure a package was initialized even though we don\u2019t use it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">import (\n\t_ &quot;somemodule\/package&quot;\n)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Control flow<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>If<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">if condition1 {  \n...\n} else if condition2 {\n...\n} else {\n...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IMPORTANT NOTE:<\/strong> The <code>else<\/code> must be on the same line as the } because of the way Go automatically inserts ; (See this <a href=\"https:\/\/golang.org\/ref\/spec#Semicolons\">link<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>If with assignment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">if assignment; condition {  \n}\n\n\/\/ e.g.\nif number := 42; number &lt; 100 { ...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Loops<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>There is only the <code>for<\/code> loop in Go. It looks like C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">for initialisation; condition; post {  \n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Infinite loop<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">for {\n...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>break<\/code> to break out of the loop.<\/li>\n<li><code>continue<\/code> to start the next iteration of the loop.<\/li>\n<li>Can use labels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">mylabel:\n\tfor ... {\n\t\tfor ... {\n\t\tbreak mylabel\n...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Switch<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">switch something {\ncase 1:\n\t...\ncase 2, 3, 4:\n  ...\n\tif something {\n\t\tbreak\n  }\n  ...\ncase 400:\n\tfallthrough \/\/ no automatic fall throughs\ncase 1000:\n\t...\ndefault:\n\t...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Expression less switch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">switch { \/\/ &lt;-- note there is no expression to evaluate here\ncase number &lt; 5:\n    ...\ncase number &gt; 5 &amp;&amp; number &lt; 10:\n    ...\ncase somethingElse:\n    ...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Arrays (fixed sized)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Type declaration: [n]T, where T is the type and n is the number of elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">var names [5]string\nvar scores [10]int \/\/ initialized all 0\n\n\/\/ short hand declaration\na := [3]int{12, 78, 50}\na := [3]int{12} \/\/ only index:0 = 12, the rest = 0\n\na := [...]int{12, 78, 50} \/\/ let the compiler figure out the number of elements\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Arrays can not be resized (i.e. allocated with a fixed size).<\/li>\n<li>Arrays are value types like in Swift. Meaning a copy is made when passed around or assigned to different variables.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>len()<\/code> to find the number of elements the array can hold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">a := [1, 2, 3, 4, 42]\nlen(a) \/\/ 5\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>You could loop over an array using <code>for i := 0; i &lt; len(a); i++<\/code> however <code>range<\/code> is better and more idiomatic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">for i, v := range a {\n \/\/ i is the index and v is the element value\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Go supports multi-dimensional arrays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">var matrix := [3][3]float64\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Slices (dynamic size)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Used to reference existing arrays (i.e. take a slice)<\/li>\n<li>Type declaration: []T (contrast this with [n]T for an array)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">a := [5]int{76, 77, 78, 79, 80}\nvar b []int = a[1:3] \/\/ take a slice from a[1] to a[2]\n\/\/ ^^ notice how :3 means up to 3 but not including\n\n\/\/ Create an array with 3 elements and then return a slice to reference it\nc := []int{1, 2, 3}\n\nd := a[:] \/\/ slice that references the entire array\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Changes made to a slice, will be reflected in the referenced array the slice was taken from.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>len()<\/code> to find the number of elements the slice references from the existing array.<\/li>\n<li>Slices have a \u201ccapacity\u201d and you can use <code>cap()<\/code> to find out what it is. Slices can be resliced up to its capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">a := [...]int{10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\ns := a[1:3] \/\/ [20, 30]\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 2 4\n\n\/\/ reslice s to reference all of its capacity\ns = s[:cap(s)] \/\/ [20, 30, 40, 50]\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 4 4\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Creating a slice using <code>make<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">\/\/ func make([]T, len, cap) []T\n\/\/ capacity is optional and if omitted the capacity will be the same as length\ns := make([]int, 5, 42) \/\/ [0 0 0 0 0]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Append new elements using <code>append<\/code> function. This will allocate a new array (double the size) if the capacity of the slice is exceeded.\nRemember: append returns a new slice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">s := make([]int, 4, 6)\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 4 6\n\nfor i := 0; i &lt; 3; i++ {\n\ts[i] = i\n}\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 4 6\n\ns = append(s, 100)\ns = append(s, 200)\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 6 6\ns = append(s, 400) \/\/ bigger array is needed\nfmt.Println(len(s), cap(s)) \/\/ 7 12 &lt;-- a new array of size 12 has been allocated\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Append two slices together.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">a := [...]int{1, 2, 3}\nb := [...]int{4, 5, 6}\n\/\/ note: we are passing a slice a[:] and slice b[:] to append\nc := append(a[:], b[:]...)\nfmt.Println(c) \/\/ [1 2 3 4 5 6]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Slices are passed (to functions) as value types, <strong>HOWEVER<\/strong> they reference the real array and thus changes made to slices inside of a function will be reflected in the referenced array.<\/li>\n<li>Slices can also be multi-dimensional.<\/li>\n<li>Remember Go is garbage collected and thus a slice references an existing array and the array will not be collected (freed) until all references are gone as well. Use <code>copy()<\/code> function to copy slices (i.e. copy to a smaller slice from a bigger referenced array)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Variadic functions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A function that can take a variable number of arguments at runtime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func something(a int, b bool, c ...float64) {\n...\n}\n\nsomething(1, true)\nsomething(1, true, 2.0)\nsomething(1, true, 2.0, 3.1, 4.2, 5.3)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>The variadic argument is converted to a slice.<\/li>\n<li>Passing a slice as the variadic argument.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">s := [...]int{2.0, 3.0}\nsomething(0, true, s) \/\/ won't work! because it expects float64 and we are passing a slice\n\/\/ however\nsomething(0, true, s...) \/\/ will work. thank you compiler :-D\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Featured image by Egon Elbre [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/\">Read more &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":549,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[53],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.13 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Learning Go - Day 1 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Learning Go - Day 1 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Featured image by Egon Elbre [...]Read more &rarr;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-16T09:15:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-22T10:21:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/hiking.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"592\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"478\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-1\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3d38360883015e883c80c2fb875c5a68\"},\"headline\":\"Learning Go &#8211; 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