{"id":560,"date":"2022-04-19T10:26:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-19T10:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/?p=560"},"modified":"2022-04-22T10:29:05","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T10:29:05","slug":"learning-go-day-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Go &#8211; Day 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Featured image by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/egonelbre\/gophers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Egon Elbre<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-markdown\"><ul>\n<li>Continuing to work through <a href=\"https:\/\/golangbot.com\/learn-golang-series\/\">https:\/\/golangbot.com\/learn-golang-series\/<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Tutorials 16 to 22.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Started watching some of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rFejpH_tAHM&amp;list=PLEcwzBXTPUE9V1o8mZdC9tNnRZaTgI-1P\">Golang University 101<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rFejpH_tAHM&amp;list=PLEcwzBXTPUE9V1o8mZdC9tNnRZaTgI-1P&amp;index=1\">dotGo 2015 &#8211; Rob Pike &#8211; Simplicity is Complicated<\/a> \u2190 Really good one!<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uBjoTxosSys&amp;list=PLEcwzBXTPUE9V1o8mZdC9tNnRZaTgI-1P&amp;index=2\">Go Tooling in Action<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Structs<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A defined type that is a collection of fields.<\/li>\n<li>Structs are value types.<\/li>\n<li>Declaration. Note these are known as \u201cnamed structs\u201d (since you are giving a name to the type).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type Person struct {\n\tname string\n\tage int\n}\n\np1 := Person{\n\tname: &quot;Jannie&quot;,\n\tage: 31, \/\/&lt;-- note the trailing semi colon\n}\n\n\/\/ without specifying field names\np2 := Person{&quot;Koos&quot;, 46}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>When initializing an instance using field names, you don\u2019t have to specify the values in the declaration order. (e.g. above I could have specified age: 31 and then the name).<\/li>\n<li>Anonymous struct declaration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">p1 := struct {\n\tname string\n\tage int\n}{\n\tname: &quot;Anonymous Person&quot;,\n\tage: -42, \/\/&lt;-- note the trailing semi colon\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Access fields using the dot syntax<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">fmt.Println(p1.name, p1.age)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Zero value of a struct is that each field is initialized with the zero value for the field\u2019s type (e.g. int == 0, string == \u201c\u201d)<\/li>\n<li>You can also initialize a struct using the field names and only give values for certain fields (i.e. the unspecified fields will have the zero value)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">p4 := Person{name: &quot;Age Zero&quot;}\nfmt.Println(p4) \/\/ {Age Zero 0}\n\n\/\/ Doesn't work when you leave out the field names\np4 := Person{&quot;won't compile&quot;}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Pointer to a struct. Note you can dereference the same way as in C: (*p).someField<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">p5 := &amp;Person{\n\tname: &quot;Pointer to a Person&quot;,\n\tage:  4200,\n}\n\nfmt.Printf(&quot;Type: %T\\n&quot;, p5) \/\/ Type: *main.Person \nfmt.Println(&quot;Name:&quot;, (*p5).name) \/\/ Name: Pointer to a Person\n\/\/ You also don't have to dereference! Nice.\nfmt.Println(&quot;Name:&quot;, p5.name)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Structs can also be declared using anonymous fields.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type Person struct {  \n    string\n    int\n}\n\np6 := Person{\n\tstring: &quot;Sannie&quot;,  \/\/&lt;- Note that the field name is by default also the type name\n  int:    23,\n}\nfmt.Println(p6.string)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Promoted fields. Basically if you have an anonymous field that is another struct, then you can access fields of this \u201cnested\u201d struct as if the fields belong to the parent struct.<\/li>\n<li>Use Pascal casing (i.e. initial Capital letter) to export Structs and field names to be used in other packages.<\/li>\n<li>Structs are comparable <code>==<\/code> if the fields are comparable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Methods<\/h3>\n<p>In most other languages, a method is a function that belongs to a struct or class. Methods in Go are \u201csimilar\u201d and is declared by specifying a receiver type between the func keyword and the function name (in this case the method name).<\/p>\n<p>Think of the receiver as \u201cself\u201d or \u201cthis\u201d in other languages.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func (receiver Type) methodName(parameters) {  \n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Example<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type Person struct {\n\tname string\n\tage int\n}\n\nfunc (p Person) sayHello() {\n\tfmt.Printf(&quot;Hello, my name is %s and I am %d years old\\n&quot;, p.name, p.age)\n}\n\np1 := Person{\n\tname: &quot;Jannie&quot;,\n\tage:  24,\n}\n\np1.sayHello() \/\/ Hello, my name is Jannie and I am 24 years old\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Remember Go doesn\u2019t support Classes or OOP is you would have learned from other languages. I think this is quite refreshing tbh.<\/li>\n<li>The example above uses \u201cvalue receiver\u201d. This means that since structs are value types, that a copy of the receiver was passed to the method and thus any changes made to the receiver is just made on the copy and not reflected outside.<\/li>\n<li>Pointer receiver. User a pointer in order to pass the receiver \u201cas by reference type\u201d and to allow the method to make changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func (p *Person) mutateMeForPain() {\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>TODO: I wonder if it is possible to pass a struct by reference and not allow the method to mutate it state. Like a read-only pointer (const * const type of thing).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Methods (e.g. value or pointer receivers) allow the method to be called on value types and pointer types. Where as a normal function only allow you pass the exact type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">\/\/ Normal function\nfunc area(r rectangle) {  \n...\n}\n\n\/\/ Method\nfunc (r rectangle) area() {  \n...\n}\n\nr := rectangle{...}\narea(r)\nr.area()\n\np := &amp;r\n\/\/ area(p) &lt;-- won't compile\np.area()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Same thing if the receiver is a pointer versus the function that takes a pointer. The function require the exact type to be passed.<\/li>\n<li>Can you define methods on non-struct types like int? You can, however the type and the method must be declared in the same package. Which means you can\u2019t directly do it on a type like int &#8230; unless you type alias it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type SuperInt int\n\nfunc (a SuperInt) add(b SuperInt) SuperInt {  \n    return a + b\n}\n\na := 5\na.add(SuperInt(10))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Interfaces<\/h3>\n<p>An interface defines a set of method signatures. When a type implements all of the methods, it is said to implement the interface. This is similar to interfaces and protocols in other languages.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type Tokenizer interface {\n\tSplitIntoTokens() []string\n}\n\ntype ExtendedString string \/\/&lt;-- need to have an alias so we can add methods to string\n\nfunc (s ExtendedString) SplitIntoTokens() []string {\n...\n}\n\ntokens := someString.SplitIntoTokens()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Empty interface <code>interface{}<\/code>. The empty interface has no method requirements and thus all types implement the empty interface also referenced as <code>interface{}<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func describe(i interface{}) {  \n    fmt.Printf(&quot;Type = %T, value = %v\\n&quot;, i, i)\n}\n\ndescribe(&quot;This is a string&quot;) \/\/ Type = string, value = This is a string\ndescribe(42) \/\/ Type = int, value = 42\ndescribe(true) \/\/ Type = bool, value = true\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <code>i.(T)<\/code> to get the underlying type of an interface. For example to write an assert (bad example) function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func assertInt(i interface{}) {  \n\ta := i.(int)\n\tfmt.Println(a)\n}\n\nassertInt(42)\nassertInt(&quot;Bomb!&quot;) \/\/ panic: interface conversion: interface {} is string, not int\n\n\/\/ A better approach would be to use\nv, ok := i.(int)\n\/\/ ok will be true if the underlying type is int\n\/\/ v will be the zero value of the underlying type\n\/\/ if ok is false (and thus underlying) type is not int\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>You can switch on the underlying type by using <code>i.(type)<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">switch i.(type) {\ncase string:\n\t...\ncase int:\n\t...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Although Go doesn\u2019t have inheritance, you can still form new \u201cEmbedded\u201d interfaces that are composed of other interfaces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">type SalaryCalculator interface {  \n    DisplaySalary()\n}\n\ntype LeaveCalculator interface {  \n    CalculateLeavesLeft() int\n}\n\ntype EmployeeOperations interface {  \n    SalaryCalculator\n    LeaveCalculator\n}\n\n\/\/ Thus any type that want to conform to EmployeeOperations must implement both\n\/\/ SalaryCalculator and LeaveCalculator\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>The zero value of interfaces is <code>nil<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Concurrency with Goroutines<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Goroutine is a function or method that runs concurrently with other functions or methods.<\/li>\n<li>Similar to Swift\u2019s async\/await and can be though of as light weight threads with tiny overhead compared to OS\/CPU threads.<\/li>\n<li>Goroutines are multiplexed onto OS threads.<\/li>\n<li>Goroutines communicate via Channels.<\/li>\n<li>Creating a Goroutine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">func hello() {  \n    fmt.Println(&quot;Hello world&quot;)\n}\n\ngo hello()\nfmt.Println(&quot;This will run concurrently with hello()&quot;)\ntime.Sleep(1 * time.Second)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NOTE:<\/strong> The <code>go functionCall<\/code> will schedule the goroutine to be run and return immediately (ignoring any return value from the function\/method).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Channels<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Think of Channels as a pipe (or producer\/consumer).<\/li>\n<li>Declared using <code>chan T<\/code> to declare a channel of type T. Meaning the channel can send and receive type T.<\/li>\n<li>Zero value of a channel is <code>nil<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>make(chan T)<\/code> to create a new channel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">channel1 := make(chan int)\nhired := make(chan Person)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Sending data on a channel (publishing a value).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">channel1 &lt;- value\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Receiving data from a channel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">value := &lt;- channel\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Sending or receiving is blocking by default. Meaning that the goroutine that reads from a channel will block until a value is written and also a goroutine that writes to a channel will block until a read is done on the channel. See Buffered channels for how to create a channel that will only block once the buffer is full.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deadlock<\/strong> can happen when a goroutine is waiting for a value to be written or read and there is no goroutine handling it. Go runtime can cause a panic for this.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">ch := make(chan int)\nch &lt;- 5\n\/\/ fatal error: all goroutines are asleep - deadlock!\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Channels are bidirectional by default. Meaning values can be sent and received on the same channel.<\/li>\n<li>To declare a unidirectional channel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">\/\/ A channel that can only be used for sending\n\/\/ Not much use!\nch := make(chan&lt;- int)\n\n\/\/ Instead you will use channel conversion\n\/\/ To &quot;constrain&quot; that the method may only read or write on.\nfunc sendOnly(chan&lt;- int) {\n\tchan &lt;- 310\n}\n\nch := make(chan int) \/\/ can read and write\ngo sendOnly(ch)\n&lt;- ch\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <code>close(channel)<\/code> to close a channel. Normally senders use this to indicate no more values are coming down the pipe.<\/li>\n<li>Receivers can use the pattern <code>v, ok := &lt;-channel<\/code> to check if <code>ok<\/code> is false to indicate the channel has been closed.<\/li>\n<li>The <code>for range<\/code> can be used to iterate over values until the channel is closed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-go\">for v := range channel {\n...\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Featured image by\u00a0Egon Elbre [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/\">Read more &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":553,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[53],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.13 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Learning Go - Day 3 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Learning Go - Day 3 - Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Featured image by\u00a0Egon Elbre [...]Read more &rarr;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-19T10:26:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-22T10:29:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pirate-sword.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"645\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@andrejacobs81\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/study-notes\/learning-go-day-3\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Andr\u00e9 Jacobs\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/andrejacobs.org\/#\/schema\/person\/3d38360883015e883c80c2fb875c5a68\"},\"headline\":\"Learning Go &#8211; 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